1) psychology in 21st century?(200 words).
2)psychology and social problems? (200 words)
3) Focused group discussion? (200 words)
4) prognostic research? (200 words)
5)promoting well being at major stages of life? (200 words)
Saturday, August 23, 2008
Friday, August 22, 2008
ITEM RESPONSE THEORY (20 m)
Item response theory (IRT) is a body of theory describing the application of mathematical models to data obtained from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and development of assessments, often for high stake tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. At its most basic level, it is based on the idea that the probability of getting an item correct is a function of a latent trait or ability. For example, a person with higher intelligence would be more likely to correctly respond to a given item on an intelligence test.
Formally, IRT models apply mathematical functions that specify the probability of a discrete outcome, such as a correct response to an item, in terms of person and item parameters. Person parameters may, for example, represent the ability of a student or the strength of a person's attitude. Item parameters include difficulty (location), discrimination (slope or correlation), and pseudoguessing (lower asymptote). Items may be questions that have incorrect and correct responses, statements on questionnaires that allow respondents to indicate level of agreement, or patient symptoms scored present/absent.
Among other things IRT theory provides a basis for evaluating how well assessments work, and how well individual questions on assessments work. In education, Psychometricians apply IRT in order to achieve tasks such as developing and refining exams, maintaining banks of items for exams, and equating for the difficulties of successive versions of exams (for example, to allow comparisons between results over time).
IRT is often referred to as latent trait theory, strong true score theory, or modern mental test theory
Formally, IRT models apply mathematical functions that specify the probability of a discrete outcome, such as a correct response to an item, in terms of person and item parameters. Person parameters may, for example, represent the ability of a student or the strength of a person's attitude. Item parameters include difficulty (location), discrimination (slope or correlation), and pseudoguessing (lower asymptote). Items may be questions that have incorrect and correct responses, statements on questionnaires that allow respondents to indicate level of agreement, or patient symptoms scored present/absent.
Among other things IRT theory provides a basis for evaluating how well assessments work, and how well individual questions on assessments work. In education, Psychometricians apply IRT in order to achieve tasks such as developing and refining exams, maintaining banks of items for exams, and equating for the difficulties of successive versions of exams (for example, to allow comparisons between results over time).
IRT is often referred to as latent trait theory, strong true score theory, or modern mental test theory
BRAINSTORMING (20 m)
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution to a problem. It works by focusing on a problem, and then deliberately coming up with as many solutions as possible and by pushing the ideas as far as possible. One of the reasons behind its effectiveness is that the brainstormers not only come up with new ideas in a session, but also spark off from associations with other people's ideas by developing and refining them.
The method was first popularized in the late 1930s by Alex faickney Osborn, an advertising executive in a book titled Applied Imagination.
Brainstorming is done in sessions.One of the most important things to do before a session is to define the problem. The problem must be clear, not too big, and captured in a definite question such as "What service for mobile phones is not available now, but needed?
After that a background memo is created.The background memo is the invitation and informational letter for the participants, containing the session name, problem, time, date, and place. The problem is described in the form of a question, and some example ideas are given.
The chairman of the session composes the brainstorming panel, consisting of the participants and an idea collector. Ten or fewer group members are generally more productive than larger groups. Then the process of idea generation is carried out.
There are four basic rules in brainstorming, intended to reduce the social inhibitions that occur in groups and therefore stimulate the generation of new ideas.These are 1)focus on quantity,2)no criticism,3)unusual ideas are welcome, and 4)combine and improve ideas.
The method was first popularized in the late 1930s by Alex faickney Osborn, an advertising executive in a book titled Applied Imagination.
Brainstorming is done in sessions.One of the most important things to do before a session is to define the problem. The problem must be clear, not too big, and captured in a definite question such as "What service for mobile phones is not available now, but needed?
After that a background memo is created.The background memo is the invitation and informational letter for the participants, containing the session name, problem, time, date, and place. The problem is described in the form of a question, and some example ideas are given.
The chairman of the session composes the brainstorming panel, consisting of the participants and an idea collector. Ten or fewer group members are generally more productive than larger groups. Then the process of idea generation is carried out.
There are four basic rules in brainstorming, intended to reduce the social inhibitions that occur in groups and therefore stimulate the generation of new ideas.These are 1)focus on quantity,2)no criticism,3)unusual ideas are welcome, and 4)combine and improve ideas.
GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH (20 m)
Grounded Theory is described as a qualitative research method in which the theory is developed from the data, rather than the other way around. That makes this is an inductive approach, meaning that it moves from the specific to the more general. The method or grounded theory approach of study is essentially based on three elements: concepts, categories and propositions, or what was originally called “hypotheses”. However, concepts are the key elements of analysis since the theory is developed from the conceptualization of data, rather than the actual data.
The primary objective of grounded theory approach, is to expand upon an explanation of a phenomenon by identifying the key elements of that phenomenon, and then categorizing the relationships of those elements to the context and process of the experiment.
Rather than beginning by researching & developing a hypothesis, a variety of data collection methods are the first step. From the data collected from this first step, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts, in order to make them more workable. From these concepts categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis.
Strauss & Corbin, authors of “Basics of Qualitative research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques” are two of the model’s greatest advocates.
The primary objective of grounded theory approach, is to expand upon an explanation of a phenomenon by identifying the key elements of that phenomenon, and then categorizing the relationships of those elements to the context and process of the experiment.
Rather than beginning by researching & developing a hypothesis, a variety of data collection methods are the first step. From the data collected from this first step, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts, in order to make them more workable. From these concepts categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis.
Strauss & Corbin, authors of “Basics of Qualitative research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques” are two of the model’s greatest advocates.
Friday, August 15, 2008
OPERATION SAHAYATA
The armed forces of India had launched operation sahayata (assistance) to help cyclone ravaged people of Myanmar. The operation included distribution of relief materials comprising tents, ready to eat food, medicines,water purifying kits and blankets.While the IAF aircrafts were engaged in the supply of required tents and medical supplies, the ships had brought material required in the medium-term.
HODA COMMITTEE
The Anwarul Hoda committee is a committee which was set up by the Planning Commission to review the country's minerals and mining policy. It has recommended that the Government set up a new mechanism in the stock exchanges for fund-raising by companies engaged in prospecting and mining activities as these industries require substantial amount of risk capital.
CHINA-JAPAN PANDA DIPLOMACY
Panda diplomacy is a term used to refer to the China's use of Pandas as diplomatic gifts.China and Japan have a history of ‘panda presents’ to mark normalisation of their relations. China and Japan are considering a joint research on pandas, the endangered species, which has stood witness to the see-saw relations between the two Asian neighbours.
Tuesday, August 12, 2008
Monday, August 4, 2008
ALL OF 20 WORDs
1) Alzheimer disease.
2) 3G mobile services.
3) Nano technology.
4) Chandrayaan.
5) Laser.
6) Biodiesal.
7) ISRO
8) Hyde Act.
9) Monazite.
10) GPRS
2) 3G mobile services.
3) Nano technology.
4) Chandrayaan.
5) Laser.
6) Biodiesal.
7) ISRO
8) Hyde Act.
9) Monazite.
10) GPRS
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